Objective: Idiopathic Parkinson is a chronic degenerative nervous system disease that body imbalance is its main characteristic. The aim of this study is evaluation of Visual feedback effects on balance in Parkinson disease patients. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional and comparative study that was applied as before and after comparison, 16 Parkinson’s patients were selected by random sampling from convenient cases. Balance examinations were done by Biodex balance system in both open and closed eyes conditions. Data were analyzed by use of Paired T test. Results: There was significant difference between open and closed eyes conditions of Parkinson patients in overall stability index (P=0/004), anterior-posterior balance index (P=0/009), medial-lateral balance index (P=0/002) and time of place on A zone (P<0/001), B zone (P=0/003) and C zone (P=0/001), but there was no significant difference in time of place on D zone (P=0/286) and Parts I (P=0/664), II (P= 0/075), III (P=0/135) and IV (P=0/282). Conclusion: Visual feedback improves balance of Parkinson’s patients in open eyes condition than closed eye condition and this improvement in the indices of overall stability, anterior-posterior balance and medial-lateral balance is obvious absolutly.

This research was conducted to investigate whether audio-Visual feedback affects the medical students' procrastination in writing. This is a quantitative experimental study investigating 50 medical students studying at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the 2019-2020 fall semester who had taken an English compulsory writing course. They were assigned into two academic writing classes. Each group consisted of 25 male and female students. To collect data, the researchers applied the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students. The items were scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never procrastinate) to 5 (always procrastinate). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. Results revealed that procrastination was decreased in both groups receiving audio-Visual and traditional feedback, but providing audio-Visual feedback was more effective in decreasing procrastination levels in writing of these students. This finding can help writing instructors develop innovative modes of instruction to improve the learners' performance and their active engagement in the writing process.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a real-time Visual feedback device on CCs rate and depth delivered by healthcare professionals. Methods: In a simulated scenario a sensor was placed on a manikin’ s chest and connected to a defibrillator which provided real-time Visual feedback on the rate and depth of CCs. Thirty-two healthcare professionals performed sequentially 5 cycles of 30 CCs without (FeedOFF) and with (FeedON) feedback. CCs with a depth between 50 and 60mm and a rate between 100 and 120cpm were considered optimal. Results: Visual feedback resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of CCs with optimal depth (median 8. 7 [interquartile range 0. 7– 55. 5]% FeedOFF vs 63. 3 [17. 6– 88. 1]% FeedON, p=0. 002) and optimal rate (median 51. 3 [1. 3– 81. 3]% FeedOFF vs 68. 3 [45. 3– 86. 1]% FeedON, p=0. 018). Overall, CCs were too shallow and too fast in the FeedOFF cycle. There was also a significant increase in optimal CCs (optimal depth and rate) with the use of the feedback device (from median 0. 7 [0– 26. 9]% FeedOFF to 31. 9 [3. 6-59. 9]% FeedON, p=0. 001). Participants’ factors such as age, sex, body mass index, job or time since last CPR training did not have a significant impact on CPR quality. Conclusions: In the absence of Visual feedback, there is a tendency towards lower depth and higher rate of CCs. The use of feedback technology significantly improves the quality of CCs.

Objectives: This study determines whether feedback during exercise can improve balance in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Using feedback is a method to increase attention and willingness to perform an activity, which can be applied in various ways, including Visual, audio, and sensory.  Methods: This research was semi experimental and practical. The sample of the current research was 30 male athletes aged 20 to 25 years with CAI. The participants were purposefully selected and then separated into two groups proprioceptive exercise with feedback and proprioceptive exercise without feedback. In the pre-test, they were evaluated using the stork balance test in two states, eyes open and closed for static and one-leg jump stabilization for dynamic balance. The athletes then performed proprioceptive training for 24 sessions over 8 weeks. Then, in the post-test, the desired variables were re-evaluated. The paired sample t-test and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. Significance was considered at the level of 0.05 and analysis was done in the SPSS software, version 27. Results: Both exercise modalities exhibited a notable disparity in pre-test and post-test outcomes. However, comparative between the cohorts revealed a significant distinction in static balance performance under conditions of eyes closed versus eyes open (P=0.040 and P=0.033) and in dynamic balance (P=0.019). Discussion: Using feedback while doing exercises is helpful and leads to improved balance. Visual feedback gives the athletes a better understanding of the situation at the moment so that they can perform their best against what they see. Also, using vision compared to other senses creates more confidence in people to maintain the situation. Combining feedback with proprioceptive exercises in rehabilitation has an additive effect on improving the residual effects of injury.

Gait rehabilitation systems provide patients with guidance and feedback that assist them to better perform the rehabilitation tasks. Real-time feedback can guide users to correct their movements. Research has shown that the quality of feedback is crucial to enhance motor learning in physical rehabilitation. Common feedback systems based on virtual reality present interactive feedback in a monitor in front of a user. However, in this technique, there is a gap between where the feedback is presented and where the actual movement occurs. In particular, there is a discrepancy between where the actual movement occurs (e. g., on a treadmill) and the place of presenting feedback (e. g., a screen in front of the user). As a result, the feedback is not provided in the same location, which requires users perform additional cognitive processing to understand and apply the feedback. This discrepancy is misleading and can consequently result in difficulties to adapt the changes in rehabilitation tasks. In addition, the occlusion problem is not well handled in existing feedback systems that results in misleading the users to assume that the obstacle is on the foot. To address this problem, we need to make an illusion of putting a foot on the obstacle. In this paper, we propose a Visual feedback system based on video mapping to provide a better understanding of the relationship between body perception and movement kinematics. This system is based on Augmented Reality (AR) in which Visual cues in the form of light are projected on the treadmill using video projectors. In this system, occlusion-based clipping is used to enhance the believability of the feedback. We argue that this system contributes to the correct execution of rehabilitation exercises by increasing patients’ awareness of gait speed and step length. We designed and implemented two prototypes including the video projection with occlusion-based clipping (OC) and a prototype with no occlusion-based clipping (NOC). A set of experiments were performed to assess and compare the ability of unimpaired participants to detect real-time feedback and make modifications to gait using our feedback system. In particular, we asked 24 unimpaired participants to perform stepping and obstacle avoidance tasks. Since the focus of the paper is the quality of the feedback than the effect of feedback on training in long-term, unimpaired participants were recruited for this study. In the experiments, a motion capture device was used to measure the performance of participants. We demonstrated that our system is effective in terms of steps to adapt changes, obstacles to adapt changes, normalized accumulative deviation, quality of user experience, and intuitiveness of feedback. The results showed that projection-based AR feedback can successfully guide participants through a rehabilitation exercise. In particular, the results of this study showed statistically significant differences between the fault-rate of participants using OC and NOC prototypes in the stepping (p=0. 0031) and obstacle avoidance (0. 021) tasks. In addition, participates rated OC more intuitive than NOC in terms of the quality of feedback. Our feedback system showed a significant improvement in participants’ ability to adapt the changes while walking on the treadmill.

The purpose of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and Visual feedback on balance in elderly women. Fourteen healthy elderly women (mean age 65.57 yr) were selected voluntarily. Participants were asked to stand still on a stability platform under each of two conditions (with Visual feedback and without Visual feedback) in three levels of difficulty (6, 8, 10). Stability index scores (Overall, Anterior- Posterior and Medial- Lateral) were calculated by Biodex Balance System. Duration of each test was 20 seconds and rest times were 20 seconds. Results showed that with increasing task difficulty, score of Medial- Lateral balance (p=0.02) increased significantly. In addition, There was a significant reduction in the scores of Overall balance (p=0.001), anterior - posterior balance (p=0.01) and medial - lateral balance (p=0.01) in Visual feedback condition compared with without feedback condition. Overall, the results of this study showed that increasing task difficulty increases postural sway and availability of Visual feedback can improve balance and reduce the postural sway.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects Visual and kinesthesis feedback in learning school boys basketball dribble. The result can help the teacher and coaches to teach and train in better way. Thirty two students (age 16 to 18 yr, weight 57. 5 kg, height 160 cm) gave informed consent to participate in the study. All of the subjects participated in exercises 15 min per day, three days a week for 8 weeks. subjects divided in two groups randomly. First group were training with specialmask andthe secondgroup weretrainingwithout mask. Howerethe result in the level of. P<0.05 in second group was significant. So, this study suggests that Visual feedback in compare with kinesthesis feedback was effective and significant in learning school boys basketboal dribble.